Crew resource management or cockpit resource management (CRM):

Crew resource management or cockpit resource management (CRM) is a set of training procedures for use in environments where human error can have devastating effects. Used primarily for improving air safety, CRM focuses on interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit of an airliner.

Hazardous Attitudes: Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, and Resignation. "גישות מסוכנות"

Anti-Authority is our desire to resist rules, regulations, procedures, and laws. “I don’t like being told what to do.” A fellow crewmember decides to violate company procedures, skip checklists, or in training setting, land at an airport that isn’t pre-approved. "אינו מקבל מרות , "מרדן

Impulsivity is being compelled to act fast due to a false time pressure. This may come from the thought that you have to make the decision now! Often these decisions are made with only a few options to choose from and not enough information available. This attitude is often more common in a high workload situation. שולף", מגיב באופן לא שקול"

Invulnerability - “It won’t happen to me.” .לי זה לא יקרה". בעל בטחון עצמי מופרז"

Macho is your need to prove your skills and abilities to another person, beyond what is considered good sense or practical. ,קופץ מעל הפופיק", יהיר"

Resignation is when you believe that your input will have no effect, even to the point that you give up. .מרים ידיים", נכנע"

The key to changing these attitudes is to change your paradigm. This means following the rules, taking your time, realize it could happen to you, not trying to prove yourself excessively, and voicing your opinions.

ADM - Aeronautical Decision Making

ADM - Aeronautical Decision Making is a systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management. To understand ADM is to also understand how personal attitudes can influence decision-making and how those attitudes can be modified to enhance safety in the flight deck. It is important to understand the factors that cause humans to make decisions and how the decision-making process not only works, but can be improved.

PAVE: A Personal Minimums Checklist for Risk Management

We love acronyms, and the PAVE acronym paves the way for a personal minimums checklist for pilots. Each letter of the acronym stands for a different risk factor associated with flying: personal, aircraft, environment, and external pressures. As part of the risk management process, these risk factors should be identified, and the pilot should decide what his or her personal minimums for flight should be based on his self-assessment. The PAVE checklist is meant to be used during the preflight planning stage of a flight.

How Does Aviation Define Risk Management?

Pilots are taught risk management in all aspects of aviation. In recent years, the idea of single-pilot resource management (SRM) has become an important topic in aviation due to the rising number of technologically advanced aircraft (TAA) being manufactured.

Airliners and large aircraft have always had complex systems that required a high level of risk management and safety awareness; now smaller aircraft cockpits are being equipped with these advanced systems, too. In the meantime, the FAA's flight training standards haven't changed much over the years, meaning the same pilot that learned how to fly in an airplane with traditional instruments isn't required to get additional training for an aircraft with advanced equipment on board.

Many aircraft accidents have been the result of not identifying the risks associated with that specific flight before they occur. Pilots are often caught off-guard by things they should have planned for, such as weather conditions or problems interpreting a piece of advanced technology. The risks associated with flying come from many different places including the pilot himself, the aircraft, the surrounding environment and external pressures involved with each person's unique situation. These risk factors can affect the safety of flight, and each one should be assessed by the pilot before a flight.

One of the benefits of using the PAVE checklist is that it allows for pilots to set their personal minimums and stick to them. Each person will have different minimums based on many of their specific flight experience, health habits and tolerance for stress, to name a few. A pilot's minimums will change over time -- as they become comfortable in a particular airplane or environment, for example -- but should never be modified or reduced just to rationalize the desire to get off the ground.

Personal

Personal minimums will include pilot health and experience and can be evaluated in depth with the I'M SAFE checklist. How many hours of sleep do you usually need to function well ? Are you healthy ? Have you battled any illness or are you on any medications ? How much flight experience do you have in the aircraft you're about to fly ? How many hours have you flown in the past week/month/year ? Are you rusty ? Stressed ? All of these factors can affect your flight.

Aircraft

Is the aircraft airworthy ? Did it undergo any inspections recently ? Do you have the fuel necessary ? Are you comfortable with the weight and balance and performance for the flight ? Do you know the aircraft limitations ? Do you have current charts ? Is the GPS up-to-date?

Environment

What's the weather like ? Are you comfortable and experienced enough to fly in the forecast weather conditions ? Have you considered all your options and left yourself an "out" ? Are you instrument-current ? Are you comfortable with the type of approaches available to you ? Did you check AIREPs and NOTAMs ? Are you at comfortable flying in busy airspace or on edge about the air traffic control situation ? Does the aircraft have heat or air conditioning ? Are you familiar with the terrain ?

External Pressures

Are you stressed or anxious ? Is this a flight that will cause you to be stressed or anxious ? Is there pressure to get to your destination quickly ? Do you have a plan B ? Are you dealing with difficult passengers or an unhealthy safety culture ? Are you being honest with yourself and others about your pilot abilities and limitations ?

IAMSAFE

• Illness - Is the pilot suffering from any illness or symptom of an illness which might affect them in flight?
• Medication - Is the pilot currently taking any drugs (prescription or over-the-counter)?
• Stress - Is the pilot overly worried about other factors in his life? The psychological pressures of everyday living can be a powerful distraction and consequently affect a pilot's performance.
• Alcohol - Although legal limits vary by jurisdiction ( any consumption in the past 8 hours), the pilot should consider their alcohol consumption within the last 8 to 24 hours.
• Fatigue - Has the pilot had sufficient sleep and adequate nutrition?
• Emotion - Has the pilot fully recovered from any extremely upsetting events such as the loss of a family member ?

CARE check list of: Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External factors.

TEAM choice list of: Transfer, Eliminate, Accept, or Mitigate.